Module 9: Critical Theory

This chapter examines Critical and Peacemaking Criminology, both of which challenge traditional individual-focused theories of crime by emphasizing the impact of societal structures and power dynamics. Critical Criminology argues that crime and punishment are deeply influenced by capitalism, systemic inequality, and institutional control. Drawing on Marx’s critique of class relations and Foucault’s theories of power, surveillance, and discourse, the chapter reveals how criminal justice systems disproportionately target marginalized groups. Peacemaking Criminology, in contrast, advocates for restorative justice and healing over retribution, encouraging communities to approach crime with compassion and a focus on social reintegration. Through case studies like Xiomara Luna’s, the chapter illustrates how poverty, lack of healthcare, and housing instability can lead to criminalization of survival behaviors. It also explores abolitionist thought, convict criminology, and critiques of carceral systems, particularly in Louisiana, where systemic failures in education, healthcare, and housing compound social harm. Together, these frameworks urge a reevaluation of justice rooted in equity, dignity, and structural reform. Image by Alexandra Hanesworth | The Brown Daily Herald

By the end of this module, students will be able to:

1. Identify the theories of critical and peacemaking in criminology. (C.O. #1)
2. Explain how peacemaking theory changed the views of criminology. (C.O. #1, 2)
   
3. Apply critical theory to real world scenarios. (C.O. #1, 6)

To achieve these objectives: 

1. Read the Module 9 Introduction 
   
2. Read and view the materials in the Module 9 Pressbooks book
   
3. Read Chapter 9 in Criminology by Ashley Ojo; Brandon Hamann; David Khey; Franklyn Scott; Douglas Marshall; and Jasmine Wise. 
   
4. Complete the Two Discussion forums and assignments in Moodle. 

Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities