Module 11: Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal reproduction is necessary for the survival of a species. In the animal kingdom, there are innumerable ways that species reproduce. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical organisms (clones), whereas in sexual reproduction, the genetic material of two individuals combines to produce offspring that are genetically different from their parents. During sexual reproduction the male gamete (sperm) may be placed inside the female’s body for internal fertilization, or the sperm and eggs may be released into the environment for external fertilization. 

In this module, students will learn about the anatomy and physiology of reproduction, human pregnancy and birth, and development of the embryo then later fetus.

(credit: Image from Biology 2e from OpenStax, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License v4.0 with modification of work by “cliff1066″/Flickr). 

1. Describe advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction
2. Discuss asexual reproduction methods
3. Discuss sexual reproduction methods
4. Discuss internal and external methods of fertilization
5. Describe the methods used by animals for development of offspring during gestation
6. Describe the anatomical adaptations that occurred in animals to facilitate reproduction
7. Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
8. Discuss the human sexual response
9. Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
10. Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormones
11. Discuss the interplay of the ovarian and menstrual cycles
12. Describe the process of menopause
13. Explain fetal development during the three trimesters of gestation
14. Describe labor and delivery
15. Compare the efficacy and duration of various types of contraception
16. Discuss causes of infertility and the therapeutic options available
17. Discuss how fertilization occurs
18. Explain how the embryo forms from the zygote
19. Discuss the role of cleavage and gastrulation in animal development
20. Describe the process of organogenesis
21. Identify the anatomical axes formed in vertebrates

To achieve these objectives: 

1. Read the Module 11 Introduction 
   
2. Read and view the materials in the Module 11 Pressbooks book
   
3. Read Chapter 22 in the Pressbooks book
   
4. Complete the following activities for Module 11

There is NO lab associated with this Module.

Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities