Course and Module Learning Objectives

Course Level Objectives Anatomy & Physiology II Lecture

1. Define vocabulary terms related to anatomy and physiology. (CLO 1)
2. Identify the anatomical structures of the endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. (CLO 2)
3. Describe the physiological functions of the endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. (CLO 3)
4. Explain the principle of homeostasis for the endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic, immune, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. (CLO 4)
5. Predict physiological outcomes of common disorders based on anatomical knowledge. (CLO 5)
6. Explain the interrelationships between different anatomical and physiological systems of the human body including form, function, and real-world scenarios. (CLO 6)  

Module Level Learning Objectives

The course objectives that align with the specific module learning objectives are in parenthesis. 

Module 1- Endocrine

1. Identify the major endocrine organs, their anatomical locations, and the hormones they produce (CLOs 1-2)
2. Classify hormones by chemical structure and explain how they act through various receptor types and signaling pathways (CLOs 1-4)
3. Describe mechanisms of hormonal regulation, including feedback loops and responses to humoral, hormonal, and neural stimuli (CLOs 1-6)
4. Summarize the roles of key glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and reproductive organs, in maintaining homeostasis (CLOs 1-6)
5. Explain the physiological effects of endocrine hormones on metabolism, growth, reproduction, and calcium and glucose balance (CLOs 1-6)
6. Describe the embryological origins of the endocrine system and how endocrine function changes across the lifespan (CLOs 1-6)

 Module 2-Blood

1. Identify the primary functions of blood, its fluid and cellular components, and its physical characteristics (CLOs 1-4)
2. Identify the most important proteins and other solutes present in blood plasma (CLOs 1-5)
3. Describe the formation of the formed element components of blood (CLOs 1-4)
4. Discuss the structure and function of red blood cells and hemoglobin (CLOs 1-4)
5. Classify and characterize white blood cells (CLOs 1-4)
6. Describe the structure of platelets and explain the process of hemostasis (CLOs 1-4)
7. Explain the significance of AB and Rh blood groups in blood transfusions (CLO1)
8. Discuss a variety of blood disorders (CLOs 5-6)

Module 3- Cardiovascular I: Heart

1. Identify and describe the interior and exterior parts of the human heart (CLOs 1-2)
2. Describe the path of blood through the cardiac circuits (CLOs 1-5)
3. Describe the size, shape, and location of the heart (CLOs 1-2)
4. Compare cardiac muscle to skeletal and smooth muscle (CLOs 1-4)
5. Explain the cardiac conduction system (CLOs 1-4)
6. Describe the process and purpose of an electrocardiogram (CLO1, CLO5)
7. Explain the cardiac cycle (CLO1, CLO5)
8. Calculate cardiac output (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO5)
9. Describe the effects of exercise on cardiac output and heart rate (CLOs 1-5)
10. Name the centers of the brain that control heart rate and describe their function (CLOs 1-4)
11. Identify other factors affecting heart rate (CLO 1, CLOs 4-5)
12. Describe fetal heart development (CLO1-4)

Module 4- Cardiovascular II: Blood Vessels

1. Compare and contrast the anatomical structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins (CLOs 1-4)
2. Accurately describe the forces that account for capillary exchange (CLOs 1-4)
3. List the major factors affecting blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance (CLOs 1-4)
4. Describe how blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance interrelate (CLOs 1-4)
5. Discuss how the neural and endocrine mechanisms maintain homeostasis within the blood vessels (CLOs 1-4)
6. Describe the interaction of the cardiovascular system with other body systems (CLOs 1-4)
7. Label the major blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic circulations (CLOs 1-4)
8. Identify and describe the hepatic portal system (CLOs 1-4)
9. Describe the development of blood vessels and fetal circulation (CLOs 1-4)
10. Compare fetal circulation to that of an individual after birth (CLOs 1-4)

Module 5- Lymphatic

1. Identify the components and anatomy of the lymphatic system (CLOs 1-2)
2. Describe the interaction of the lymphatic system with other body systems (CLOs 1-6)

Module 6- Immunity

1. Discuss the role of the innate immune response against pathogens (CLOs 1-6)
2. Describe the power of the adaptive immune response to cure disease (CLOs 1-6)
3. Explain immunological deficiencies and over-reactions of the immune system (CLOs 3-6)
4. Discuss the role of the immune response in transplantation and cancer (CLOs 1-6)
5. Describe the interaction of the immune system with other body systems (CLOs 1-4)

Module 7- Respiratory System

1. List the structures of the respiratory system (CLOs 1-2)
2. List the major functions of the respiratory system (CLOs 1-3)
3. Outline the forces that allow for air movement into and out of the lungs (CLOs 1-3)
4. Outline the process of gas exchange (CLOs 1-4)
5. Summarize the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport within the respiratory system (CLOs 1-4)
6. Create a flow chart illustrating how respiration is controlled (CLOs 1-4)
7. Discuss how the respiratory system responds to exercise (CLOs 1-4, CLO 6)
8. Describe the development of the respiratory system in the embryo (CLOs 1-4)

Module 8- Digestive

1. Describe the functional anatomy of the organs and accessory organs of the digestive system (CLOs 1-3)
2. Describe the processes and control of ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation (CLOs 1-6)
3. Summarize the roles of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder in digestion (CLO 3 and 4)
4. Compare and contrast the digestion of the three macronutrients (CLO 3)

Module 9- Metabolism and Nutrition

1. Describe the processes involved in anabolic and catabolic reactions (CLOs 1-3)
2. Describe the steps necessary for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism (CLOs 1-4)
3. Explain the processes that regulate glucose levels during the absorptive and postabsorptive states (CLOs 2-6)
4. Explain how metabolism is essential to maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation) (CLOs 2-6)
5. Summarize the importance of vitamins and minerals in the diet (CLOs 2-6)

Module 10- Urinary

1. Describe the composition of urine (CLOs 1-2)
2. Label structures of the urinary system (CLOs 1-2)
3. Characterize the roles of each of the parts of the urinary system (CLOs 1-3)
4. Illustrate the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the kidney (CLOs 1-3)
5. Trace the flow of blood through the kidney (CLOs 1-4)
6. Outline how blood is filtered in the kidney nephron (CLOs 1-4)
7. Provide symptoms of kidney failure (CLO 5)
8. List some of the solutes filtered, secreted, and reabsorbed in different parts of the nephron (CLOs 1-4)
9. Describe the role of a portal system in the kidney (CLOs 1-4)
10. Explain how urine osmolarity is hormonally regulated (CLOs 1-4)
11. Describe the regulation of major ions by the kidney (CLOs 1-4)
12. Summarize the role of the kidneys in maintaining acid–base balance (CLOs 1-6)

Module 11- Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

1. Identify the body’s main fluid compartments (CLOs 1-2)
2. Define plasma osmolality and identify two ways in which plasma osmolality is maintained (CLOs 1-4)
3. Identify the six ions most important to the function of the body (CLOs 1-6)
4. Define buffer and discuss the role of buffers in the body (CLOs 1-6)
5. Explain why bicarbonate must be conserved rather than reabsorbed in the kidney (CLOs 1-4)
6. Identify the normal range of blood pH and name the conditions where one has a blood pH that is either too high or too low (CLOs 1-6)

 Module 12- Male Reproductive

1. Describe the anatomy of the reproductive systems, including their accessory structures. (CLOs 1-2)
2. Explain the role of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones in reproductive function. (CLOs 1-4)
3. Trace the path of a sperm cell from its initial production through maturity. (CLOs 1-4)
4. Describe the development and maturation of the sex organs and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. (CLOs 1-6)

Module 13- Female Reproductive

1. Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive system, including accessory structures. (CLOs 1-2)
2. Explain the role of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones in female reproductive function. (CLOs 1-4)
3. Trace the path of a sperm cell from entry into the female reproductive tract through fertilization of an oocyte. (CLOs 1-4)
4. Explain the events occurring in the ovary before ovulation. (CLOs 1-4)
5. Describe the development and maturation of the sex organs and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics in females during puberty. (CLOs 1-6)

Module 14- Pregnancy, Growth, Development, and Aging

1. Define vocabulary terms related to pregnancy, growth, and development. (CLO 1)
2. Identify the anatomical structures occurring uniquely in the pregnant person, embryo, fetus, and neonate. (CLO 2)
3. Describe the physiological functions occurring uniquely in the pregnant person, embryo, fetus, and neonate. (CLOs 1-3)
4. Explain the principle of homeostasis occurring uniquely in the pregnant person, embryo, fetus, and neonate. (CLOs 1-4)
5. Predict physiological outcomes of common disorders occurring uniquely in the pregnant person, embryo, fetus, and neonate. (CLOs 5-6)
6. Explain the interrelationships between the pregnant person’s, embryo’s, fetus’s, and neonate’s anatomical and physiological systems, including form, function, and real-world scenarios. (CLOs 1-6)

Module 15- Genes and Genetics

1. Define vocabulary terms related to human genetics and genomics. (CLO 1)
2. Identify the anatomical structures involved in human genetics and genomics. (CLO 2)
3. Describe the physiological functions of structures involved in human genetics (CLOs 1-3)
4. Explain the principle of homeostasis involved in human genetics and genomics. (CLOs 1-4)
5. Predict physiological outcomes of common disorders of human genetics and genomics. (CLOs 5-6)
6. Explain the interrelationships between the anatomical and physiological systems related to human genetics and genomics, including form, function, and real-world scenarios. (CLOs 1-6)