Section outline

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    Welcome!

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    Welcome to Human Anatomy and Physiology II (Lecture)!

    Course Introduction

    Anatomy and Physiology II is a detailed study of human anatomy and physiology, including the endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. This foundational life sciences course includes important concepts and biological principles necessary to understand the structure and function of the human body. The purpose of this course is to prepare students for careers in the medical and allied health programs (human medicine, nursing, physician’s assistant, physical therapy and physical therapy assistant, respiratory therapy, radiologic technician, etc). Mastery of the course content is expected by completion of the course. Curricula are presented in accordance with the National Association of Biology Teachers and the National Research Council (Cheesman et al., 2007).

    Adopting instructors can embed a welcome video or add additional text here. 

    Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

    1. Define vocabulary terms related to anatomy and physiology.
    2. Identify the anatomical structures of the endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
    3. Describe the physiological functions of the endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
    4. Explain the principle of homeostasis for the endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic, immune, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
    5. Predict physiological outcomes of common disorders based on anatomical knowledge.
    6. Explain the interrelationships between the human body's anatomical and physiological systems, including form, function, and real-world scenarios.
    Digital Skills Course Learning Objective (DSLO): Build the necessary foundational and industry-specific digital skills to participate in the workforce.

    Navigating the Course

    This course is organized into Modules, each covering different topics. You can find the Modules in the navigation menu on the left or by scrolling down on the course page. To make navigation easier, modules can be collapsed or expanded in both the menu and the main page.

    Each module includes:

    • Chapter readings
    • Activities like discussion forums, listening exercises, quizzes, and tests
    • Practice quizzes and other helpful learning tools

    Some items are required and will be marked as complete automatically after you submit them (look for the broken checkmark box). Others need to be marked complete manually by you (look for the solid checkmark box).

    Begin by completing the Learner Support and Getting Started modules before starting Module 1. Also, remember to check for announcements and due dates regularly to stay on track.

    Creative Commons attribution license  This course and its contents are developed by the authors and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, except where otherwise noted. 
     

    Adopting instructors should edit the About Your Instructor and Office Hours Information pages in this Module.

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    Learner Support

    Adopting instructors should edit all pages in this module to reflect their institution's policies.

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    Getting Started

    This module contains all the items you should review and complete before you begin Module 1. Before moving on, be sure to:

    1. Check the News and Announcements Forum
    2. Read the Course Syllabus
    3. Introduce yourself to the class
    4. Read the instructions for the Q & A Forum
    5. Review academic integrity expectations in the course
    Good luck in the course!
    • News and Announcements Forum
      This forum contains general news and announcements. You can find all announcements listed in the "Latest News" block in Course Tools within this course or on your My Courses page.
    • Syllabus and Schedule Page

      A Word Dc. version to download is included here.

      Link to Lecture Syllabus-Anatomy and Physiology II

    • Introduce Yourself! Forum
      Students must
      Mark as done

      Use this forum to tell us a little about yourself and your interests. Some topic ideas:

        1. What is your field of study/research interest or concentration?
        2. What are you most interested in learning about in this class and why?
        3. Have you ever taken an online class before?
        4. Any other information you would like to share with your classmates, such as special interests or activities.

      Post a picture!  We look forward to meeting you.

    • Q & A Forum for Students
      Students must
      Mark as done

      Use this forum to ask your instructor any questions you have about the course. You may post at any time, and your instructor will respond here. Be as specific as possible.

      Please keep in mind that others can see your posts, so do not post any personal information. If you have questions about your grade, please email your instructor directly. You can expect a response to posts and emails within [X] hours. [Recommendation is 24 hours M-F, next business day on weekends.]

      Subscription should be set to Auto.

    • Academic Integrity Expectations Page

      Provide specific and contextualized information about how students can comply with institutional academic integrity policies and standards as they complete assessments in the course. 

    • Course Syllabus Quiz
      Students must
      Receive a grade
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    FOR INSTRUCTORS: Using This Template and Additional Resources

    Use the information in this module to customize the template to your needs. This module is currently hidden from students, and available for you to refer to throughout the semester.

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    Digital Skills

    A colorful concept map visualizing keyword connections in digital technologies.

    This module supports students in developing the digital competencies necessary for success in the health and science workforce. Students will learn how to effectively search for information online, navigate academic databases such as PubMed and CINAHL, evaluate source credibility, differentiate between scholarly and popular sources, and apply these skills in academic and real-world scenarios.

    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to

    1. Conduct effective online searches using advanced search techniques. (DSLO 1)
    2. Use academic databases such as PubMed and CINAHL to locate peer-reviewed articles. (DSLO 1)
    3. Evaluate the credibility and relevance of various online sources. (DSLO 1)
    4. Differentiate between scholarly and popular sources of information. (DSLO 1)
    5. Apply appropriate citation practices using digital tools. (DSLO 1)
    6. Apply digital literacy skills to support academic research and real-world decision-making. (DSLO 1)

    To achieve these objectives: 

    1. Read the Module Introduction
    2. View the Module Page- Understanding Source Types
    3. View the Module Page- Online Research and Database Navigation 
    4. Complete the Online Research and Database Navigation Assignment
    5. Complete the Understanding Source Types Quiz
    6. Complete the Digital Skills Module Quiz

    Digital Skills Developed:

    Understanding Source Types:

    • Identifying scholarly vs. popular sources
    • Evaluating source credibility
    • Internet search and filtering skills
    • Understanding domain types and publication formats
    • APA citation formatting

    Online Research and Database Navigation:

    • Internet navigation
    • Keyword search strategies
    • Academic database navigation (PubMed, CINAHL)
    • Keyword and Boolean search strategies
    • Identification of peer-reviewed literature
    • Citing digital resources in APA format
    • Applying evidence to support clinical or academic arguments

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 1: The Endocrine System

    Figure 1.18 Pancreas

    Introduction to the Endocrine System

    Welcome to the Chapter 1 module on the Endocrine System. In this section, you'll explore how hormones act as chemical messengers, regulating essential functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis. We'll examine the major endocrine glands, their secretions, and how they interact with other systems of the body to maintain balance and respond to internal and external changes. By the end of this module, you will have a solid foundation in understanding how the endocrine system contributes to overall health and function.

    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
    • Identify the major endocrine organs, their anatomical locations, and the hormones they produce
    • Classify hormones by chemical structure and explain how they act through various receptor types and signaling pathways
    • Describe mechanisms of hormonal regulation, including feedback loops and responses to humoral, hormonal, and neural stimuli
    • Summarize the roles of key glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and reproductive organs, in maintaining homeostasis
    • Explain the physiological effects of endocrine hormones on metabolism, growth, reproduction, and calcium and glucose balance
    • Describe the embryological origins of the endocrine system and how endocrine function changes across the lifespan


    To achieve these objectives: 

    1. Read Chapter 1 in the course textbook. 
    2. Review the Chapter 1 PowerPoint slides.
    3. Complete the Module 1 Quiz and Module 1 Case Study before the DUE DATE (see the Course Calendar).


    Note the checkboxes to the right that help you track your progress: some are automatic, and some are manual. 

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    Module 2: The Blood

    Browse to find your image above. Then update alt text here. Set the first size number below to between 300-400.


    Figure 2.1.  This image primarily shows red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. These cells are characterized by their bi-concave disc shape. The white blood cell with the dark, purplish, multi-lobed nucleus is a neutrophil, a type of white blood cell or leukocyte. The smaller, spikey objects are platelets.

    Image: Red blood cells.  Source: National Cancer Institute, Donald Bliss (Illustrator), Wikimedia Commons


    Module Overview:

    Human blood is a fluid medium composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and proteins.  It is a connective tissue that functions as a dynamic and efficient transport system.  As a transport system, blood plays an essential role in delivering crucial elements such as  oxygen and glucose to every cell, ensuring not only their proper function but also their vitality and health.  Beyond nourishment, blood also performs the critical task of removing metabolic waste products generated by cellular activity. This removal process is essential for sustaining a stable internal environment, a delicate balance known as homeostasis. Homeostasis allows the body to function optimally, maintaining health and promoting overall well-being. 

    Module 2 Learning Objectives                                                                                                                                       Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
    1. Identify the primary functions of blood, its fluid and cellular components, and its physical characteristics (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    2. Identify the most important proteins and other solutes present in blood plasma (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4, CLO5)
    3. Describe the formation of the formed element components of blood (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    4. Discuss the structure and function of red blood cells and hemoglobin (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    5. Classify and characterize white blood cells (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    6. Describe the structure of platelets and explain the process of hemostasis (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    7. Explain the significance of AB and Rh blood groups in blood transfusions (CLO1)
    8. Discuss a variety of blood disorders (CLO1)

                                                                                                                                                                       

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read the Module 2 Introduction
    2. Read Chapter 2 in the textbook 
    3. Complete the activities below: 

    • Review Topics: 2.1 to 2.7 (MLO1 to MLO8, CLO1 to CLO4) using the textbook to complete H5P
    • Participate in Discussion Board Assignment: Blood Disorders (MLO8, CLO1) using the discussion board rubric to complete Discussion Board assignment
    • Complete Discussion Board Assignment (MLO8, CLO1)
    • Complete the Quiz (MLO1 to MLO8, CLO1 to CLO4), using the textbook to complete the quiz

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 3: Cardiovascular System

    Browse to find your image above. Then update alt text here. Set the first size number below to between 300-400.

    Figure 3.1 Human Heart.  This artist’s conception of the human heart suggests a powerful engine—not inappropriate for a muscular pump that keeps the body continually supplied with blood. (credit: Patrick J. Lynch)

     
     
     
     

     
    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
    1. Identify and describe the interior and exterior parts of the human heart (CLO1, CLO2)
    2. Describe the path of blood through the cardiac circuits (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4, CLO5)
    3. Describe the size, shape, and location of the heart (CLO1, CLO2)
    4. Compare cardiac muscle to skeletal and smooth muscle (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    5. Explain the cardiac conduction system (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    6. Describe the process and purpose of an electrocardiogram (CLO1, CLO5)
    7. Explain the cardiac cycle (CLO1, CLO5)
    8. Calculate cardiac output (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO5)
    9. Describe the effects of exercise on cardiac output and heart rate (CLO1, CLO3, CLO4, CLO5)
    10. Name the centers of the brain that control heart rate and describe their function (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    11. Identify other factors affecting heart rate ((CLO1, CLO4, CLO5)
    12. Describe fetal heart development (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read the Module 3 Introduction
    2. Read Chapter 3 in Textbook
    3. Complete the activities below

    • Review Cardiovascular Heart module which aligns with MLO1 to MLO12, CLO1 to CLO4 to complete Review Topics 3.1 to 3.6 using Textbook to Complete H5P (Tool: H5P).
    • Review Cardiovascular Heart module which aligns with MLO2, CLO1 to CLO5 to complete Participate in Discussion Board Assignment Blood Flow Path using Discussion Forum Rubric to Complete Discussion Board Assignment (CANVAS Tool: Discussion Forum).
    • Review Cardiovascular Heart module  which aligns with MLO1 to MLO12, CLO1 to CLO4 to complete Quiz using Textbook to Complete Quiz (CANVAS Tool: Quiz).
    • Review Cardiovascular Heart module which aligns with Module 1 MLO1 to MLO6, Module 2 MLO1 to MLO8, Module 3 MLO1 to MLO12 to complete Lecture Exam 1 using Textbook Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 to Complete Lecture Exam 1 (CANVAS Tool: Quiz).




    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Lecture Exam 1 Module

    In this module you will take your Exam 1 assessment for this course. Read the instructions carefully and take note of any special submission guidelines.

    Upon completion of this module, you will have:

    1. Read and viewed your Exam 1 instructions
    2. Prepared for and submitted your Exam 1 assessment.


    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read and view the contents of Exam 1 Information and Instructions.
    2. Make sure you are ready. Click on Exam 1 and follow the instructions.

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    Module 4: Cadiovascular II Blood Vessels

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    Figure 4.1 Blood Vessels.  While most blood vessels are located deep from the surface and are not visible, the superficial veins of the upper limb provide an indication of the extent, prominence, and importance of these structures to the body. (credit: Colin Davis)



    Module Overview

    The cardiovascular system's blood vessels are essential delivery systems. They form an intricate tubule network that transports blood throughout your body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.  Blood vessels are essential for keeping every organ and tissue alive and functioning.  There are three main types of blood vessels, each with a distinct role.  Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.  Veins return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart after systemic circulation.  Capillaries are tiny vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.

    Module Learning Objectives                                                                                                                                                    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. Compare and contrast the anatomical structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    2. Accurately describe the forces that account for capillary exchange (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    3. List the major factors affecting blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    4. Describe how blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance interrelate (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    5. Discuss how the neural and endocrine mechanisms maintain homeostasis within the blood vessels (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    6. Describe the interaction of the cardiovascular system with other body systems (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    7. Label the major blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic circulations (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    8. Identify and describe the hepatic portal system (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    9. Describe the development of blood vessels and fetal circulation (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)
    10. Compare fetal circulation to that of an individual after birth (CLO1, CLO2, CLO3, CLO4)

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read the Module 4 Introduction 
    2. Read Chapter 4 in Textbook
    3. Complete the activities below 

    • Review Cardiovascular Blood Vessels module which aligns with MLO1 to MLO10, CLO1 to CLO4 to complete review topics 4.1 to 4.7 using the textbook to complete H5P (Tool: H5P).

    • Review Cardiovascular Blood Vessels module which aligns with MLO1, CLO1 to CLO4 to participate in discussion board assignment Blood Vessels using discussion forum rubric to complete discussion board assignment (CANVAS Tool: Discussion Forum).

    • Review Cardiovascular Blood Vessels module which aligns with MLO1 to MLO10, CLO1 to CLO4 to complete quiz using the textbook (CANVAS Tool: Quiz).


    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 5: Lymphatic

    Detailed drawing of the Lymphatic System



    Image: Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. Jun 19, 2013.  This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

    When most people think about the body’s circulatory system, the heart and blood vessels often come to mind—but quietly working alongside it is the lymphatic system, a complex and essential network that plays a vital role in keeping us healthy. You've likely already encountered some aspects of this system in your study of immunity, fluid balance, and even cardiovascular function. This module will help you bring those pieces together into a clearer, more complete picture.

    In this section, we’ll explore how the lymphatic system acts as both a drainage and defense network, moving fluid through lymphatic vessels, filtering it through lymph nodes, and supporting the immune response. You’ll learn how lymph, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and tonsils all function in concert to protect the body. Whether you’re planning a career in nursing, allied health, fitness, or biology, understanding this system will deepen your grasp of how the body detects and responds to infection, maintains fluid balance, and even how cancer spreads. It’s a system that is often overlooked—until something goes wrong. By the end of this module, you’ll not only be able to identify its structures and explain its functions, but also connect it to real-world scenarios that you may encounter in your professional future.

    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. Identify the components and anatomy of the lymphatic system (CLOs 1-2)
    2. Describe the interaction of the lymphatic system with other body systems (CLOs 1-6)

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read the Module 5 Introduction 
    2. Read Chapter 5 in Textbook
    3. Complete the activities below.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 6: Immunity

    An illustration depicting the function of the immune system

    Image: Adaptation of work of User:BanzaiTokyo and User:Mikael Häggström both works free to adapt. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.

    By now, you've learned that the body has several lines of defense to protect itself from harm—barriers like skin, circulating white blood cells, and even responses like inflammation. In this module, we’ll dive deeper into the immune system, the highly coordinated network responsible for identifying and neutralizing threats such as bacteria, viruses, and even malfunctioning cells. You may already be familiar with some of its components from previous discussions on blood or the lymphatic system. Here, we’ll bring those elements together to explore how the body recognizes “self” from “non-self” and mounts a targeted response.

    We’ll look closely at the two main arms of immunity—innate and adaptive—and explore how cells like macrophages, T cells, and B cells communicate and collaborate. You’ll also begin to understand how vaccines work, what causes allergies and autoimmune diseases, and why immune function is crucial in everything from wound healing to cancer treatment. Whether your future involves clinical care, laboratory work, athletic training, or patient education, a strong understanding of the immune system will equip you to make sense of both routine health and critical illness. This system is central to the body’s ability to survive—and now, it’s your turn to learn how and why.

     
     
     
     
     
    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
    1. Discuss the role of the innate immune response against pathogens (CLOs 1-6)
    2. Describe the power of the adaptive immune response to cure disease (CLOs 1-6)
    3. Explain immunological deficiencies and over-reactions of the immune system (CLOs 3-6)
    4. Discuss the role of the immune response in transplantation and cancer (CLOs 1-6)
    5. Describe the interaction of the immune system with other body systems (CLOs 1-4)
    To achieve these objectives:
    1. Read the Module 6 Introduction 
    2. Read Chapter 6 in Textbook
    3. Complete the activities below. 

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Lecture Exam 2 Module

    In this module you will take your Exam 2 assessment for this course. Read the instructions carefully and take note of any special submission guidelines.

    Upon completion of this module, you will have:

    1. Read and viewed your Exam 2 instructions
    2. Prepared for and submitted your Exam 2 assessment.


    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read and view the contents of Exam 2 Information and Instructions.
    2. Make sure you are ready. Click on Exam 2 and follow the instructions.
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    Module 7: Respiratory

    An drawing of the basic parts to the Respiritory System.

    Image: Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.  Jun 19, 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

    Take a deep breath—that simple act sets in motion one of the most vital processes in the human body. You’ve likely encountered the respiratory system in earlier lessons when studying gas exchange or the role of oxygen in cellular respiration. Now, we’ll build on that foundation to look more closely at the structures and mechanisms that allow the body to breathe, speak, and maintain critical balance in blood pH and gas levels.

    In this module, you’ll explore how air moves from the nose and mouth down into the lungs, how oxygen is transferred into the bloodstream, and how carbon dioxide is expelled. We’ll cover key structures like the trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and diaphragm, and explain how breathing is regulated by the nervous system. Understanding this system is essential for anyone entering healthcare, fitness, or biology-related fields. Whether you're helping a patient manage asthma, interpreting blood gas results, or guiding someone through breath control in athletic training, a clear grasp of respiratory anatomy and physiology will be indispensable. This is the system that powers every moment of life—let’s take a closer look at how it works.



    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. List the structures of the respiratory system (CLOs 1-2)
    2. List the major functions of the respiratory system (CLOs 1-3)
    3. Outline the forces that allow for air movement into and out of the lungs (CLOs 1-3)
    4. Outline the process of gas exchange (CLOs 1-4)
    5. Summarize the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport within the respiratory system (CLOs 1-4)
    6. Create a flow chart illustrating how respiration is controlled (CLOs 1-4)
    7. Discuss how the respiratory system responds to exercise (CLOs 1-4, CLO 6)
    8. Describe the development of the respiratory system in the embryo (CLOs 1-4)

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read the Module 7 Introduction 
    2. Read Chapter 7 in Textbook
    3. Complete the activities below.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 8: The Digestive System

    A collage of different Louisiana foods.

    This chapter examines the structure and functions of digestive system and explores the mechanics and chemistry of the digestive processes. Digestion serves two main purposes: breaking down food to release nutrients and absorbing those nutrients into the body. These multistep processes will be explored, along with the major and accessory organs involved.




    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. Describe the functional anatomy of the organs and accessory organs of the digestive system (CLOs 1-3)
    2. Describe the processes and control of ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation (CLOs 1-6)
    3. Summarize the roles of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder in digestion (CLO 3 and 4)
    4. Compare and contrast the digestion of the three macronutrients (CLO 3)


    To achieve these objectives: 

    1. Read the Module 8 Introduction 
    2. Read Chapter 8  in the course textbook.
    3. Review the Chapter 8 Power-Point slides.
    4. Complete the Module 8 quiz and case study assignment.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 9: Metabolism and Nutrition

    This image shows a meal of boiled crawfish with corn and potatoes and smiling children gathered around a table, enjoying famiThis chapter explores the chemical reactions essential to life, the sum of which is referred to as metabolism. Both anabolic (synthesis) reactions and catabolic (break down) reactions will be discussed, focusing on energy-producing catabolic processes and their related functions. The metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins will be examined, including the key reactions involved in breaking down carbohydrates and lipids to release usable energy stored in ATP bonds. Since humans are endothermic, we require substantial amounts of this stored energy, which we primarily acquire through aerobic metabolism.


    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. Describe the processes involved in anabolic and catabolic reactions (CLOs 1-3)
    2. Describe the steps necessary for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism (CLOs 1-4)
    3. Explain the processes that regulate glucose levels during the absorptive and postabsorptive states (CLOs 2-6)
    4. Explain how metabolism is essential to maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation) (CLOs 2-6)
    5. Summarize the importance of vitamins and minerals in the diet (CLOs 2-7)

    This module also addresses the Digital Skills Course Learning Objective (DSLO) 

    1. Build the necessary foundational and industry-specific digital skills to participate in the workforce.

    To achieve these objectives: 

    1. Read the Module 9 Introduction 
    2. Read Chapter 9 in the course textbook.
    3. Review the Chapter 9 Power-Point slides.
    4. Complete the Module 9 Quiz and Module 9 Case Study.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Lecture Exam 3 Module

    In this module you will take your Exam 3 assessment for this course. Read the instructions carefully and take note of any special submission guidelines.

    Upon completion of this module, you will have:

    1. Read and viewed your Exam 3 instructions
    2. Prepared for and submitted your Exam 3 assessment.


    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read and view the contents of Exam 3 Information and Instructions.
    2. Make sure you are ready. Click on Exam 3 and follow the instructions.
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    Module 10: Urinary

    A drawing of the male Urinary System ccomponents

















    Image: A medical illustration depicting a male's urinary system. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.

    You’ve already learned how the body takes in nutrients and oxygen—but just as important is how it removes what it no longer needs. The urinary system is the body’s primary way of filtering blood, regulating fluid balance, and eliminating waste. You may recall its connection to homeostasis and blood pressure regulation from previous modules. In this section, we’ll explore how the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra work together to keep the internal environment stable and clean.

    This module will take you inside the nephron—the functional unit of the kidney—to see how filtration, reabsorption, and secretion happen at the microscopic level. We’ll also look at how hormones like ADH and aldosterone influence urine production and why the urinary system is critical for maintaining proper electrolyte levels and blood pressure. For anyone pursuing a career in healthcare, fitness, or life sciences, understanding the urinary system is essential for interpreting lab values, managing hydration, recognizing signs of kidney dysfunction, and supporting overall health. This is a system that does much more than eliminate waste—it quietly protects the body’s internal balance every single day.



    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. Describe the composition of urine (CLOs 1-2)
    2. Label structures of the urinary system (CLOs 1-2)
    3. Characterize the roles of each of the parts of the urinary system (CLOs 1-3)
    4. Illustrate the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the kidney (CLOs 1-3)
    5. Trace the flow of blood through the kidney (CLOs 1-4)
    6. Outline how blood is filtered in the kidney nephron (CLOs 1-4)
    7. Provide symptoms of kidney failure (CLO 5)
    8. List some of the solutes filtered, secreted, and reabsorbed in different parts of the nephron (CLOs 1-4)

    Describe the role of a portal system in the kidney (CLOs 1-4)

    Explain how urine osmolarity is hormonally regulated (CLOs 1-4)

    Describe the regulation of major ions by the kidney (CLOs 1-4)

    Summarize the role of the kidneys in maintaining acid–base balance (CLOs 1-6)

     


    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read the Module 10 Introduction 
    2. Read and view the materials in the Module # Pressbooks book
    3. Read Chapter 10 in Textbook
    4. Complete the activities below. 

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 11: Water, Electrolytes and Acid/Base Balance

    An illustration of the components in carbon dioxide transport

    Image: llustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. Jun 19, 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. 

    You’ve already seen how the body depends on systems like the respiratory, urinary, and circulatory systems to maintain balance—but what exactly are they balancing? In this module, we’ll focus on one of the most critical aspects of human physiology: the regulation of water, electrolytes, and pH. These elements might seem small or invisible, but they have powerful effects on everything from nerve impulses and muscle contractions to heart rhythm and overall cellular function.

    Together, we’ll explore how the body monitors fluid compartments, maintains sodium and potassium levels, and keeps blood pH within a narrow range. We’ll examine how systems work together to correct imbalances—like dehydration, acidosis, or electrolyte shifts—and how these imbalances can signal serious health issues. Whether you're planning a career in healthcare, sports medicine, or biology, understanding this topic will give you the tools to interpret lab results, support hydration and recovery, and respond confidently to physiological emergencies. The body is always working to stay in balance—and this module will show you how and why that matters.

    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. Identify the body’s main fluid compartments (CLOs 1-2)
    2. Define plasma osmolality and identify two ways in which plasma osmolality is maintained (CLOs 1-4)
    3. Identify the six ions most important to the function of the body (CLOs 1-6)
    4. Define buffer and discuss the role of buffers in the body (CLOs 1-6)
    5. Explain why bicarbonate must be conserved rather than reabsorbed in the kidney (CLOs 1-4)
    6. Identify the normal range of blood pH and name the conditions where one has a blood pH that is either too high or too low (CLOs 1-6)

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read the Module 11 Introduction 
    2. Read and view the materials in the Module # Pressbooks book
    3. Read Chapter 11 in Textbook
    4. Complete the activities below.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 12: Male Reproductive

    An illustration of the basic human male reproductive system components.









    Image: Human male reproductive system. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. 

    The human reproductive system is often introduced in basic biology courses, but now we have the opportunity to explore it with greater depth and relevance. In this module, we will focus on the male reproductive system, focusing on function, hormonal regulation, and its role in overall health, in addition to anatomy. You may already be familiar with structures like the testes and penis, or hormones like testosterone, but here we will connect those pieces into a more complete understanding of how the system develops, operates, and interacts with other body systems.

    We’ll examine the production of sperm, the pathway it follows, and the hormonal signals that control everything from puberty to fertility. This knowledge is essential for those entering healthcare, biology, or fitness-related careers, where understanding reproductive health, hormone regulation, or developmental changes can directly impact patient care, education, or research. Whether you are discussing fertility with patients, studying the effects of testosterone, or simply seeking to understand the body more completely, this module will give you the tools to approach the male reproductive system with clarity and confidence.



    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. Describe the structure and function of the organs of the male reproductive system. (CO 1-4)
    2. Describe the structure and function of the sperm cell. (CO 2-3)
    3. Explain the events of spermatogenesis and describe how the sperm cell differs from the starting, undifferentiated cell. (CO 1-4, 6)
    4. Identify the importance of testosterone in reproductive function. (CO 1-4, 6)
    5. Explain how bipotential tissues are directed to develop into male sex organs. (CO 1-4, 6)
    6. Name the rudimentary duct systems in the embryo that are precursors to male internal sex organs. (CO 1-4, 6)
    7. Describe the hormonal changes that bring about puberty, and the secondary sex characteristics. (CO 1-4, 6)


    To achieve these objectives: 

    1. Read the Module 12 Introduction. 
    2. Read and view the materials in the Module 12 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Pressbooks book.
    3. Complete the Module 12 Quiz and Assignment.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Lecture Exam 4 Module

    In this module you will take your Exam 4 assessment for this course. Read the instructions carefully and take note of any special submission guidelines.

    Upon completion of this module, you will have:

    1. Read and viewed your Exam 4 instructions
    2. Prepared for and submitted your Exam 4 assessment.

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read and view the contents of Exam 4 Information and Instructions.
    2. Make sure you are ready. Click on Exam 4 and follow the instructions.

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    Module 13: Female Reproductive

    Sectional view illustration Female Reproductive System.

    Image: Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). CC 0. 

    The female reproductive system is a powerful and complex network that plays a central role not only in reproduction, but also in hormonal balance, menstrual cycles, and overall health. You have likely encountered some of its components in previous studies, such as the ovaries, uterus, and associated hormones, but in this module, we will go deeper into how these parts work together to support ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, and more.

    We will explore the menstrual cycle, the role of estrogen and progesterone, and how structural anatomy supports reproductive and non-reproductive functions. Understanding this system is essential for anyone pursuing a career in healthcare, biology, or fitness, especially when supporting patients through puberty, pregnancy, menopause, or reproductive health challenges. The female reproductive system is about far more than childbirth; it reflects the body's remarkable ability to coordinate structure and function over time, and its study provides insight into both health and disease.



    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

    1. Describe the structure and function of the organs of the ovarian reproductive system. (CO 1-4)
    2. List the steps of oogenesis. (CO 1-4, 6)
    3. Describe the hormonal changes that occur during the ovarian and menstrual cycles. (CO 1-4, 6)
    4. Trace the path of an oocyte from ovary to fertilization. (CO 1-4, 6)
    5. Explain how bipotential tissues are directed to develop into female sex organs. (CO 1-4, 6)
    6. Name the rudimentary duct systems in the embryo that are precursors to female internal sex organs. (CO 1-4, 6)
    7. Describe the hormonal changes that bring about puberty and the secondary sex characteristics. (CO 1-4, 6)


    To achieve these objectives: 

    1. Read the Module 13 Introduction. 
    2. Read and view the materials in the Module 13 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Pressbooks book.
    3. Complete the Module 13 Quiz and Assignment.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 14: Pregnancy, Growth, and Development


    Pregnancy is a very exciting time! So many physical changes occur in both the mother's body and in their developing offspring that it's helpful to have a separate module detailing these changes. In this module, you'll use the information learned in the female reproductive system module to highlight the differences between  pregnant and non-pregnant bodies, as well as during labor and delivery and lactation. You'll also learn about how fertilization occurs, and then the development from a single-celled zygote to an embryo, fetus, and then neonate after birth. This will provide a good foundation for you to work with pregnant women and their babies both before and after birth in a medical setting.

    (Image: "Pregnancy Progression", Andrew Bardwell, https://www.flickr.com/photos/abardwell/396050289, CC license). 

    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

      1. Define vocabulary terms related to pregnancy, growth, and development.
      2. Identify the anatomical structures occurring uniquely in the pregnant person, embryo, fetus, and neonate.
      3. Describe the physiological functions occurring uniquely in the pregnant person, embryo, fetus, and neonate.
      4. Explain the principle of homeostasis occurring uniquely in the pregnant person, embryo, fetus, and neonate.
      5. Predict physiological outcomes of common disorders occurring uniquely in the pregnant person, embryo, fetus, and neonate.
      6. Explain the interrelationships between the pregnant person’s, embryo’s, fetus’s, and neonate’s anatomical and physiological systems, including form, function, and real-world scenarios.

    To achieve these objectives: 

    1. Read the Module 14 Introduction 
    2. Read and view the materials in the Module 14 Pressbooks book
    3. Complete the Module 14 Quiz and Module 14 Case Study.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Module 15: Genetics and Genomics

    Genetics is a fascinating field that explains how DNA codes for traits, and how those traits are transmitted from parents to their offspring. Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes, the entire complement of an organism's DNA. In this module, you'll use information about basic cell biology learned in previous human biology courses to further describe how DNA is passed from parent to offspring, how to determine the probability of inheritance statistically, and how and why genetic disorders can occur. This will provide a foundation for you to be better informed about your own genetic traits and those of your family, as well as being informed about patients you may encounter in your future health care professions.

    (Image: Chromosome set humans.jpg, no author listed, Wikimedia Commons, CC license). 


    Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

      1. Define vocabulary terms related to human genetics and genomics.
      2. Identify the anatomical structures involved in human genetics and genomics.
      3. Describe the physiological functions of structures involved in human genetics and.
      4. Explain the principle of homeostasis involved in human genetics and genomics.
      5. Predict physiological outcomes of common disorders of human genetics and genomics.
      6. Explain the interrelationships between the anatomical and physiological systems related to human genetics and genomics, including form, function, and real-world scenarios.


    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read the Module 15 Introduction 
    2. Read and view the materials in the Module 15 Pressbooks book
    3. Complete the Module 15 Quiz and Case Study.

    Module Pressbooks Resources and Activities

    You will find the following resources and activities in this module at the Pressbooks website. Click on the links below to access or complete each item.

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    Lecture Exam 5 Module

    In this module you will take your Exam 5 assessment for this course. Read the instructions carefully and take note of any special submission guidelines.

    Upon completion of this module, you will have:

    1. Read and viewed your Exam 5 instructions
    2. Prepared for and submitted your Exam 5 assessment.

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read and view the contents of Exam 5 Information and Instructions.
    2. Make sure you are ready. Click on Exam 5 and follow the instructions.

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    Module 16: Urinary

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    Final Exam Module

    In this module you will take your Final Exam assessment for this course. Read the instructions carefully and take note of any special submission guidelines.

    Upon completion of this module, you will have:

    1. Read and viewed your Final Exam instructions
    2. Prepared for and submitted your Final Exam assessment.

    To achieve these objectives:

    1. Read and view the contents of Final Exam Information and Instructions.
    2. Make sure you are ready. Click on Final Exam and follow the instructions.

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